Pumpable ice (PI) technology is a technology to aftermath fluids or accessory refrigerants aswell alleged coolants with a bendability of baptize or clabber and the cooling accommodation of ice. Pumpable ice is about a slurry of ice crystals or particles alignment from 5 to 10,000 micrometers (1 cm) in brine, seawater or aliment aqueous and gas bubbles, e.g., air, ozone, carbon dioxide.123
Saturday, February 4, 2012
History
The aboriginal time the achievability to mix baptize with ice, and to pump this PI, was accomplished by US Company North Star Ice Equipment Corporation, they alleged this admixture “liquid ice”.4 In the a lot of cases, a beginning baptize solid ice, such as cell ice, bowl ice, tube ice, carapace ice or cubic ice, is ashamed or ground, alloyed with a sea baptize or absolute baptize and pumped by accepted baptize pumps.
Besides accepted agreement such as pumpable, clabber or slurry ice, there are abounding added trademarks for this coolant such as “Beluga”, “optim”, “flow”, “fluid”, “jel”, “binary”, “liquid”,5 “maxim”, “whipped”,6 “Deepchill”, “bubble slurry”7 ice. These trademarks are accustomed by automated ice maker assembly companies in Australia,8 Canada,910 China,11 Germany,12 Iceland,13 Israel,14 Russia,15 Spain,16 United Kingdom,17 USA.18
Besides accepted agreement such as pumpable, clabber or slurry ice, there are abounding added trademarks for this coolant such as “Beluga”, “optim”, “flow”, “fluid”, “jel”, “binary”, “liquid”,5 “maxim”, “whipped”,6 “Deepchill”, “bubble slurry”7 ice. These trademarks are accustomed by automated ice maker assembly companies in Australia,8 Canada,910 China,11 Germany,12 Iceland,13 Israel,14 Russia,15 Spain,16 United Kingdom,17 USA.18
Technological process
There are two almost simple methods for the assembly of PI.
The aboriginal is to accomplish frequently acclimated forms of clear solid ice such as plate, tube, carapace or cell ice, by crushing and bond it with water. This admixture of altered ice concentrations and ambit (ice crystals can alter from 200 µm to 10 mm) is anesthetized by pumps from accumulator catchbasin to the consumer. The constructions, blueprint and applications of the accepted accepted ice makers are declared in.19
The abstraction of the added adjustment is to actualize the condensate action central of the aggregate of the cooled liquid.
Crystallization central of the liquid’s aggregate can be able by the exhaustion or cooling technologies. By exhaustion technology, actual low burden armament a baby allotment of the baptize to clear while the actual baptize freezes basic water-ice mixture.20 Depending on the additives’ concentration, the final temperature of PI is amid aught and –4 °C. The ample aggregate of breath and an operating burden of about 6 mbar (600 Pa) crave the acceptance of a baptize breath compressor with a ample swept volume.
This PIT is economically reasonable and can be recommended for systems with cooling accommodation of 300 TR (1 TR = 1 ton of algidity = 12,000 BTU/h = 3.516 kW) or larger.
Crystallization by cooling can be done application the absolute or aberrant systems.
edit Absolute PITs
A refrigerant is anon injected central the liquid21
The advantage of this adjustment is the absence of any boilerplate accessory amid the refrigerant (R) and the aqueous (L). However, the absence of calefaction accident amid R and L in the action of thermal alternation (heat transfer) may could could cause some insufficiencies that could accumulate this adjustment from its advanced bang into the industry. The top akin of assurance measures, the charge for an added footfall of a refrigerant break and difficulties in bearing crystals are disadvantages of this method.
edit Aberrant PITs
Pumpable Ice of top concentration
In the aberrant PITs the evaporator (heat exchanger-crystallizer) is accumulated either angular or vertically. It accept carapace tubing accumulated with one to a hundred close tubes and absolute a refrigerant that evaporates amid the carapace and the close tubing. A aqueous flows through the tubing of the baby diameter. In the central aggregate of the evaporator there are organized cooling, supercooling and freezing of aqueous due to the calefaction barter with the crystallizer cooled wall.
The abstraction is to use a well-polished apparent of the evaporator (dynamic aching apparent calefaction exchanger) and adapted mechanisms to anticipate tubing from the adherence of ice embryos, from a advance and a agglomeration of the ice on the central cooling surface. A whip rod, a spiral or a shaft with brownish or artificial wipers is usually acclimated as mechanisms for removal.
Indirect PITs aftermath pumpable ice (PI) consisting of 5 to 50 micrometer crystals and accepting a amount of advantages. By PIT it can be produced 1,000 kg of authentic ice at the low activity amount of 60 to 75 kW·h instead of 90 to 130 kW·h appropriate for the assembly of approved baptize ice (plate, flake, carapace types). The added improvements will acquiesce to ability a specific activity amount for ice assembly of 40 to 55 kW·h per 1,000 kg of authentic ice and a top specific ice accommodation per an breadth amount of the evaporator cooling apparent (up to 450 kg/(m2·h)).22
Sometimes a gas can be added to the aqueous abounding through the evaporator. It destroys a aqueous laminar band on the cooled apparent of the calefaction exchanger-crystallizer, increases breeze turbulence, and decreases the boilerplate bendability of PI.
Liquids, such as sea water, juice, brines, or glycol solutions of additives with added than 3–5% concentrations and a freezing point beneath than −2 °C are acclimated in the process.
Typically, the accessories for the production, accession and bartering of PI includes an ice maker(s),a accumulator tank(s), a calefaction exchanger, piping, pumps, electrical and cyberbanking accessories and devices.
The PI with best ice absorption of 40% can be pumped beeline from the ice maker to the consumer. The final accessible ice absorption of PI in the accumulator catchbasin is 50%. The best amount of cooling activity of PI, accumulated in the accumulator catchbasin in a anatomy of constant phase, is about 700 kW·h which corresponds to 10–15 m3 aggregate of a accumulator tank. A mixer is acclimated to anticipate a break of ice from the cooled aqueous and keeps an ice absorption banausic by time and the catchbasin height. In this case the PI is transported from the accumulator catchbasin to the abode of burning that could be hundreds meters apart. The applied arrangement amid the appropriate electric ability of the submersible mixer motor (kW) and the “kneaded” PI aggregate (m3) is 1:1.
In the tanks with volumes beyond than 15 m3, PI is not alloyed and the algid activity of stored ice is alone acclimated by a calefaction alteration of aqueous that circulates amid a accumulator catchbasin and the consumers of cold. There are the disadvantages of the absolute ice accumulator reservoirs including the following:
The anarchic uncontrollable advance of ice ridges which appear due to the asperous burst of balmy solution. This aqueous comes from the calefaction exchanger and fed into a accumulator catchbasin with ice for added cooling by the absolute acquaintance with the apparent of the ice. As a result, because of asperous in amplitude and time augment amount of the solution, the ice melts unevenly. Thus, the ice spikes acceleration aloft the ice surface, which leads to the abolition of spraying accessories and the charge to abate the akin of band-aid in the catchbasin to abstain any breakage.
Accumulated in the catchbasin ice turns into a ample chunk. The balmy aqueous that comes from the air-conditioning arrangement may accomplish channels through which the aqueous could acknowledgment to the arrangement after getting cooled. As a aftereffect of it, the accumulated ice will not be activated in full.
An abortive use of the aggregate of the accession catchbasin leads to a abatement in an accessible best of ice absorption and disability to ample out the absolute alive aggregate of the accumulating tank.
The after-effects of connected analysis and architecture could could cause optimism and affiance advantageous the aloft disadvantages in the abutting approaching that should admit the alteration to a accumulation assembly of cheap, reliable and activity able accumulating tanks. These tanks charge to agreement the abatement of superior (i.e., ice concentration) and to acquiesce for a complete accretion of stored algid potential.
The aboriginal is to accomplish frequently acclimated forms of clear solid ice such as plate, tube, carapace or cell ice, by crushing and bond it with water. This admixture of altered ice concentrations and ambit (ice crystals can alter from 200 µm to 10 mm) is anesthetized by pumps from accumulator catchbasin to the consumer. The constructions, blueprint and applications of the accepted accepted ice makers are declared in.19
The abstraction of the added adjustment is to actualize the condensate action central of the aggregate of the cooled liquid.
Crystallization central of the liquid’s aggregate can be able by the exhaustion or cooling technologies. By exhaustion technology, actual low burden armament a baby allotment of the baptize to clear while the actual baptize freezes basic water-ice mixture.20 Depending on the additives’ concentration, the final temperature of PI is amid aught and –4 °C. The ample aggregate of breath and an operating burden of about 6 mbar (600 Pa) crave the acceptance of a baptize breath compressor with a ample swept volume.
This PIT is economically reasonable and can be recommended for systems with cooling accommodation of 300 TR (1 TR = 1 ton of algidity = 12,000 BTU/h = 3.516 kW) or larger.
Crystallization by cooling can be done application the absolute or aberrant systems.
edit Absolute PITs
A refrigerant is anon injected central the liquid21
The advantage of this adjustment is the absence of any boilerplate accessory amid the refrigerant (R) and the aqueous (L). However, the absence of calefaction accident amid R and L in the action of thermal alternation (heat transfer) may could could cause some insufficiencies that could accumulate this adjustment from its advanced bang into the industry. The top akin of assurance measures, the charge for an added footfall of a refrigerant break and difficulties in bearing crystals are disadvantages of this method.
edit Aberrant PITs
Pumpable Ice of top concentration
In the aberrant PITs the evaporator (heat exchanger-crystallizer) is accumulated either angular or vertically. It accept carapace tubing accumulated with one to a hundred close tubes and absolute a refrigerant that evaporates amid the carapace and the close tubing. A aqueous flows through the tubing of the baby diameter. In the central aggregate of the evaporator there are organized cooling, supercooling and freezing of aqueous due to the calefaction barter with the crystallizer cooled wall.
The abstraction is to use a well-polished apparent of the evaporator (dynamic aching apparent calefaction exchanger) and adapted mechanisms to anticipate tubing from the adherence of ice embryos, from a advance and a agglomeration of the ice on the central cooling surface. A whip rod, a spiral or a shaft with brownish or artificial wipers is usually acclimated as mechanisms for removal.
Indirect PITs aftermath pumpable ice (PI) consisting of 5 to 50 micrometer crystals and accepting a amount of advantages. By PIT it can be produced 1,000 kg of authentic ice at the low activity amount of 60 to 75 kW·h instead of 90 to 130 kW·h appropriate for the assembly of approved baptize ice (plate, flake, carapace types). The added improvements will acquiesce to ability a specific activity amount for ice assembly of 40 to 55 kW·h per 1,000 kg of authentic ice and a top specific ice accommodation per an breadth amount of the evaporator cooling apparent (up to 450 kg/(m2·h)).22
Sometimes a gas can be added to the aqueous abounding through the evaporator. It destroys a aqueous laminar band on the cooled apparent of the calefaction exchanger-crystallizer, increases breeze turbulence, and decreases the boilerplate bendability of PI.
Liquids, such as sea water, juice, brines, or glycol solutions of additives with added than 3–5% concentrations and a freezing point beneath than −2 °C are acclimated in the process.
Typically, the accessories for the production, accession and bartering of PI includes an ice maker(s),a accumulator tank(s), a calefaction exchanger, piping, pumps, electrical and cyberbanking accessories and devices.
The PI with best ice absorption of 40% can be pumped beeline from the ice maker to the consumer. The final accessible ice absorption of PI in the accumulator catchbasin is 50%. The best amount of cooling activity of PI, accumulated in the accumulator catchbasin in a anatomy of constant phase, is about 700 kW·h which corresponds to 10–15 m3 aggregate of a accumulator tank. A mixer is acclimated to anticipate a break of ice from the cooled aqueous and keeps an ice absorption banausic by time and the catchbasin height. In this case the PI is transported from the accumulator catchbasin to the abode of burning that could be hundreds meters apart. The applied arrangement amid the appropriate electric ability of the submersible mixer motor (kW) and the “kneaded” PI aggregate (m3) is 1:1.
In the tanks with volumes beyond than 15 m3, PI is not alloyed and the algid activity of stored ice is alone acclimated by a calefaction alteration of aqueous that circulates amid a accumulator catchbasin and the consumers of cold. There are the disadvantages of the absolute ice accumulator reservoirs including the following:
The anarchic uncontrollable advance of ice ridges which appear due to the asperous burst of balmy solution. This aqueous comes from the calefaction exchanger and fed into a accumulator catchbasin with ice for added cooling by the absolute acquaintance with the apparent of the ice. As a result, because of asperous in amplitude and time augment amount of the solution, the ice melts unevenly. Thus, the ice spikes acceleration aloft the ice surface, which leads to the abolition of spraying accessories and the charge to abate the akin of band-aid in the catchbasin to abstain any breakage.
Accumulated in the catchbasin ice turns into a ample chunk. The balmy aqueous that comes from the air-conditioning arrangement may accomplish channels through which the aqueous could acknowledgment to the arrangement after getting cooled. As a aftereffect of it, the accumulated ice will not be activated in full.
An abortive use of the aggregate of the accession catchbasin leads to a abatement in an accessible best of ice absorption and disability to ample out the absolute alive aggregate of the accumulating tank.
The after-effects of connected analysis and architecture could could cause optimism and affiance advantageous the aloft disadvantages in the abutting approaching that should admit the alteration to a accumulation assembly of cheap, reliable and activity able accumulating tanks. These tanks charge to agreement the abatement of superior (i.e., ice concentration) and to acquiesce for a complete accretion of stored algid potential.
Applications
Many analysis centers, ice maker producers, inventors activate advance in PIT.2324 Due to the top activity efficiency, bargain size, low refrigerant charge, and to the actuality that PIT is adjustable to acclimate it to altered automated articulation requirements, there are abounding applications of this technology.
edit Wastewater treatment
PIT can be recommended for charwoman (lightening) of sediments of wastewaters. In this case, there is acclimated a adjustment including freezing and melting.25 It is based on two processes: able freezing of sediments, the afterward melting and break of aqueous and solid phases. "Freezing and melting" leads to the aberration of physical-chemical anatomy of sediments. This adjustment is accomplished attributable to redistribution of any anatomy of the affiliation of damp with solid particles of the sediment. It is bigger than actinic reagent coagulation. The sediment's freezing promotes the accretion of chargeless baptize abundance into sediments and improves an ability of debris precipitating. The a lot of of the damp is able to apportionment for any conditions. Therefore, if the acceleration of clear growing does not beat 0.02 m/h, for damp there is time to drift from colloid beef to the clear surface, and there it is frozen. Afterwards thawing, low arctic sediments acknowledgment to the baptize well.
edit Desalination of seawater
Further information: Desalination
The absolute commercialized desalination methods are multi-stage beam evaporation, vapor-compression, multi aftereffect evaporation, about-face assimilation and electrodialysis. Theoretically, freezing has some advantages over a lot of aloft mentioned methods. These advantages cover a lower abstract activity requirement, basal abeyant for corrosion, and little ascent or precipitating. The disadvantage is that it involves a administration of ice and baptize mixtures that are mechanically complicated to move and process. A baby aggregate of desalination stations accept been congenital over the endure 50 years, but the action has not been a bartering success in the assembly of beginning baptize for borough purposes. PIMs action an affordable another because of the top able of the condensate process. Current models, however, do not accept the all-important accommodation for automated desalination plants, but PIM abate models answer for small-scale desalination needs.
edit Processes of absorption of aliment aqueous and juice
Currently a apperception of juice, aliment liquids is fabricated appliance about-face osmosis, vacuum-evaporation technology. In bartering operations, abstract is commonly concentrated by evaporation. Back 1962, the Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator (TASTE) is broadly used. TASTE evaporators are sufficient, sanitary, simple to clean, of top capacity, simple to operate, and at analytic low cost. On the added hand, there is a calefaction accident to the artefact acquired by the top temperature beef treatment. This analysis after-effects in artefact superior and balm loses. Because of a low aggregate of the blur accessory amid beef and advised juice, there is a actual non-efficient calefaction alteration amid mentioned mediums. It leads to bulky constructions of TASTE plants. The another way to apply abstract and aliment aqueous is by cooling and freezing process. In this case the crystals, absolute authentic water, are removed from juice, wine, or beer by crystallization. The aroma, color, and acidity abide in the concentrated medium. The superior of benumb concentrated articles cannot be accomplished by any added technology. The capital advantages of PIT in allegory with added freezing techniques are everyman appropriate activity aggregate and a achievability to tune a aggregate of the appearance change abuttals of liquid-solid ice. The endure acumen causes the accretion of the assembly of the authentic baptize ice crystals and a simplifying of the break amid concentrated abstract or aliment aqueous and ice crystals.
edit Assembly of arctic aliment liquids
"Food liquid" or alcohol - a aqueous that is distinctively able for animal consumption. In accession to the ability of basal animal needs for drinking, drinks are a allotment of the ability of animal society. In turn, the arctic carbonated cooler (FCB) and arctic uncarbonated beverages (FUB) began to adore abundant acceptance with the 1990 of the 20th century.
Pumpable ice technology is acclimated in the accomplish of about all, afterwards exception, FCB and FUB.26
edit Arctic carbonated beverages
Frozen Coke
FCB accoutrement was invented by Omar Knedlik, the buyer of a baby restaurant at the end of 1950 period.
For FCB manufacturing, there is acclimated a admixture of flavored syrup, carbon dioxide gas (chemical blueprint CO2) and filtered water. Typically, the antecedent temperature of the admixture is (12-18)°C. Carbonated admixture is fed into the evaporator of FCB apparatus, freezes on the close apparent of the annular evaporator and is aching (peeled off) by the blades - mixers, alternating with an angular acceleration of 60 to 200 revolutions per minute. In the centralized aggregate of the crystallizer, a slight absolute burden (up to 3 bar) is accurate to advance the dissolution of gas in the liquid. In avant-garde FCB devices, there is accomplished a accepted algidity ambit with a capillary tube or thermostatic amplification valve and, usually, air condenser. Refrigerant is fed either anon into the atrium of the two-wall evaporator or the circling evaporator asthmatic on the alien apparent of the crystallizer. Material of the evaporator bank is the alone stainless animate cast SS316L, accustomed for a acquaintance with aliment according to requirements of the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration (FDA). The abbreviating temperature is -(32.0-20.0)°C. Manufacturers do not acknowledge alternate accommodation of FCB vehicles. However, the activity aggregate to aftermath 10.0 kg of FCB can be (1.5-2.0) kWh.
After bond and freezing into the crystallizer - mixer, FCB pours through the bill in the cups. The end artefact is a blubbery admixture of abeyant ice crystals with a almost baby aggregate of liquid. FCB superior depends on abounding factors, including the absorption and anatomy of ice crystals, as able-bodied as their size. The absorption of ice baptize admixture is bent accurately in accordance with the appearance diagram of the band-aid and can ability 50%. The best admeasurement of crystals is from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The antecedent temperature of condensate of the admixture depends on the antecedent absorption of accommodation into the baptize and lies amid -2.0 °C to -0.5 °C. The final temperature of the artefact changes from -6.0 °C to -2.0 °C, depending on the cast of manufacturer.
There has been abrupt absorption in FCB apparent in India. This is because India does not acquiesce abacus cubic ice produced from the city-limits baptize to Coke-Cola because of the top anticipation of bacteriological contamination. FCB in the anatomy of arctic Coke presents an another way to actualize an ice-chilled beverage.
edit Arctic uncarbonated beverages
Frozen orange juice
The antecedent artefact for the FCB uses bake-apple and vegetable juices and drinks based on coffee and tea, yogurt. The analysis projects are conducted for the assembly of arctic wine and beer.
FUB machines alter from FCB machines so that they do not crave to advance a baby absolute burden in the alive aggregate of the evaporator, the antecedent of carbon dioxide gas and distinctively accomplished staff. Otherwise, the architecture of avant-garde FUB machines is agnate to FCB architecture vehicles. Actually, FUB is generally abundant "wet" (lower absorption of ice in the mixture) than the produced FCB. On the added hand, FUB machines are not complicated and cheaper than FCB devices, and therefore, they are added common.
edit Ice cream
The ice chrism assembly bazaar has risen steadily throughout the 1990s and its aggregate is multibillion US dollars.27
There are eight aloft ice chrism markets in the world: United States, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, Russia, France, United Kingdom.28
The key competitors in the industry are Unilever and Nestle, authoritative added than one-third of the market. The top 5 ice-cream arresting countries are the United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and Belgium.29
The avant-garde architecture of automated ice chrism freezers ensures a top akin of machine/operator interface and top superior of the produced ice cream. The accomplishment action of ice chrism assembly includes pasteurization, homogenization and maturation of the ice chrism mixture. The able admixture enters into the automated bifold tube aching crystallizer – calefaction exchanger, in which the processes of pre-freezing and churning of ice chrism are realized. A refrigerant aqueous evaporates and is circulating always in a barge jacket. Usually, the antecedent temperature of an ice chrism admixture equals (12-18)°C. Afterwards switching on of a freezer, an abbreviating temperature of a refrigerant decreases up to bare (25-32)°C. The final temperature of the advised admixture into the aching apparent freezer is about bare 5 °C with an ice absorption of about (30-50)%, depending on the formula. During a freezing action ice crystals are formed at the central apparent of the crystallizer. The blades abolish ice crystals formed on the central cooled wall. The removed ice crystals are alloyed with the aggregate and abide to abatement the temperature and to advance the calefaction alteration aural the product.
There are aswell alternating dashers that advice to whip the mix and absorb air bubbles into the mixture. Then the arctic artefact carries to the distributor.
The superior of ice chrism and its bland arrangement are depended on the anatomy of ice crystals, their ambit and on the bendability of the ice cream. Baptize freezes out of a aqueous in its authentic anatomy as ice. The absorption of the actual aqueous of amoroso is added due to baptize abatement and appropriately the freezing point is added lowered. Thus the anatomy of ice chrism can be declared as a partly arctic cream with ice crystals and air bubbles appliance a majority of the space. The tiny fat globules flocculate and beleaguer the air bubbles aswell in the anatomy of a broadcast phase. Proteins and emulsifiers are in about-face beleaguer the fat globules. The affiliated appearance consists of a actual concentrated, unfrozen aqueous of sugars.
The final boilerplate bore of ice crystals depends on the aggregate of freezing. As it is faster, the added nucleation is answer and the aggregate of abate ice crystals is greater. Usually, afterwards a cooling analysis into the freezer ice ambit are about 35-80 micron.
edit Fishery and aliment industry
Tub bushing by Pumpable Ice fabricated from sea water
Fish cooling by Pumpable Ice
PIT-based accessories can be acclimated in the cooling processes in the fishery and aliment industries.3031 In allegory with a beginning baptize solid ice the capital advantages of PI are the following: homogeneous, college cooling ante of aliment and fish. PI flows like baptize and eliminates benumb burns and concrete accident of cooled object, supports superior with best shelf life. PIT corresponds to Food Safety & Public bloom considerations (HACCP and ISO). Finally, PIT has lower specific activity aggregate in allegory with the absolute technologies appliance a accepted beginning baptize solid ice.
edit Supermarkets
TESSs based on PIT are adorable for air cooling in the supermarkets’ counters (showcases).3233 At this appliance PI is broadcast through the already accessible brim as a coolant. PI replaces ambiance acrimonious refrigerants, like R-22 (Freon) and added hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s). Reasons to use PIT in this appliance are the following:
PI calefaction alteration aggregate after-effects in bendability of the equipment. PIT accessories is abate than that of added vendors of algidity accessories of the aforementioned capacity. It occupies beneath attic area, has lower aggregate and abate weight;
PI anatomy after-effects in essentially bigger ambit of this cooling medium. The greater capacities can be affected on any basis, including per one canyon of the band-aid through the evaporator, per assemblage attic breadth active by the equipment, per assemblage weight of the equipment;
With PIT it is simple to advance a affiliated temperature central the supermarket’s appearance cases or cabinets;
PIT enables the cooling arrangement to be added adjustable and the cabinets can calmly be rearranged according to added or decreased requirements;
PIT-based appearance cabinets allegation beneath algidity piping, beneath activity and aggregate to acquisition leaks in allegory with absolute amplification and refrigerant pump apportionment systems;
Due to top ability of the PIT calefaction alteration process, it needs a actual low refrigerant allegation of cooling equipment;
Unlike absolute amplification systems, the PIT-based appearance cabinets and cases do not aftermath heat, back there is no allegation for air condensers beneath the cabinets. Accordingly the air about the cabinets is not heated;
With PIT beneath activity is bare for defrosting of supermarket’s appearance cases and cabinets.
edit Assembly of Ice wine
Wide perspectives of PIT acceptance are opened for the assembly of appropriate wines (reminiscent of agnate "Richwine" or "Ice wine").34 In allegory with the absolute technology of Richwine production, PIT does not allegation for a few months on the freezing of grapes. Freshly awkward grapes are harvested in a appropriate alembic affiliated to the PI machine. The abstract is pumped through PIM, from which comes as a admixture of ice (in the anatomy of tiny, pure, chargeless from the molecules juice, crystals), and a little added concentrated juice. Aqueous ice allotment to the accession tank, in which there is a accustomed (according to Archimedes law) break amid ice and juice. The aeon is again abounding times until the amoroso absorption alcove (50 – 52)°Brix. Then a action of fermentations is accomplished to access this drink.
edit Thermal Activity Accumulator Systems
Pumpable ice maker and accumulator catchbasin installed in a basement of Cyprus Olimpic supermarket
PIT-based Thermal Activity Accumulator Arrangement (TESS)35 can be acclimated in the centralized water-cooled air conditioning systems in adjustment to annihilate aiguille appeal at the a lot of analytical time. It reduces the operating costs of the building, the allegation for new ability plants and new manual lines, ability bulb activity burning and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions. The abstraction is to accomplish and to accrue PI during off-peak electricity hours with the everyman assessment of kW·h. The stored PI is acclimated during average or top assessment hours to air-conditioned the accessories or air supplied to buildings. The acknowledgment on investments (ROI) is during 2–4 years. In allegory with Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems,36 the all-embracing calefaction alteration accessory (OHTC) during the PI assembly is added than tens or hundreds times college (efficient) than the aforementioned accessory for the aloft mentioned TESS types. It explains by the attendance of abounding altered kinds of thermal resistances amid the baking refrigerant at the evaporator and water/ice in a accumulator catchbasin of Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems. The top aggregate of OHTC of PIT-based TESS, causes a abatement of basic volume, an access of the best accessible absorption of ice in the aggregate of a accumulator tank, and it ultimately affects the amount of equipment.TESSs based on PIT are installed in altered countries: Japan, Korea, USA, UK37 and Saudi Arabia.38
edit Medicine
There accept been developed a abstruse careful cooling action based on the accomplishing of a developed appropriate ice slurry for medical applications.39 In this case PI can be injected intra-arterially, intravenously, forth the alien surfaces of organs by acceptance of laparoscopy, or even via the endotracheal tube. It is proving that PI selectively will air-conditioned organs to anticipate or absolute ischemic accident afterwards a achievement or affection attack. Completed medical tests on animals apish such as altitude as in-hospital branch laparoscopic procedures. After-effects of French and US advisers have to be accustomed by the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration.40 Benefits of PIT in medical applications are:
PI can be pumped calmly through attenuated catheters, accouterment top cooling accommodation and accelerated and targeted cooling of organs;
PI may accommodate careful cooling and temperature administration of ambition organs during surgery;
PI helps victims of altered medical emergencies including cardiac arrest and stroke.
edit Ski resorts
The Economic Impact of Global Warming causes a able absorption to aftermath snow for ski resorts at a balmy acclimate even the ambient temperature is 20°C. The ambit and ability aggregate of the accepted snow-production accessories depend on clamminess and wind. This snow-making accessories is based on the freezing of baptize droplets, sprayed into air, afore extensive the apparent of ground, and depends on the ambient temperature that needs to be lower than bare 4 °C. PI produced by Exhaustion Ice Maker (VIM) Technology41 helps to able skiers to access the approach of training afore and afterwards winter division (during endure Autumn months and in aboriginal bounce time). For sports admirers of skiing there is an befalling to ski all year round.
The action of PI is organized as following. The alkali band-aid is apparent to actual low burden central the VIM. A baby allotment of the alkali band-aid evaporates in the anatomy of baptize due to the exhaustion forces, while the actual aqueous is arctic basic mixture. The baptize breath is continuously abandoned from the VIM, is aeroembolism and fed into a condenser due to the appropriate architecture centrifugal compressor. Standard baptize alarming food cooling baptize at 5 °C in adjustment to abbreviate the baptize vapor. The liquid-ice admixture is pumped out from the freezing aggregate to the ice concentrator in which ice crystals abstracted from the liquid. The top absorption ice is extracted from the concentrator.
VIMs are already installed on the ski resorts of Austria and Switzerland.
edit Wastewater treatment
PIT can be recommended for charwoman (lightening) of sediments of wastewaters. In this case, there is acclimated a adjustment including freezing and melting.25 It is based on two processes: able freezing of sediments, the afterward melting and break of aqueous and solid phases. "Freezing and melting" leads to the aberration of physical-chemical anatomy of sediments. This adjustment is accomplished attributable to redistribution of any anatomy of the affiliation of damp with solid particles of the sediment. It is bigger than actinic reagent coagulation. The sediment's freezing promotes the accretion of chargeless baptize abundance into sediments and improves an ability of debris precipitating. The a lot of of the damp is able to apportionment for any conditions. Therefore, if the acceleration of clear growing does not beat 0.02 m/h, for damp there is time to drift from colloid beef to the clear surface, and there it is frozen. Afterwards thawing, low arctic sediments acknowledgment to the baptize well.
edit Desalination of seawater
Further information: Desalination
The absolute commercialized desalination methods are multi-stage beam evaporation, vapor-compression, multi aftereffect evaporation, about-face assimilation and electrodialysis. Theoretically, freezing has some advantages over a lot of aloft mentioned methods. These advantages cover a lower abstract activity requirement, basal abeyant for corrosion, and little ascent or precipitating. The disadvantage is that it involves a administration of ice and baptize mixtures that are mechanically complicated to move and process. A baby aggregate of desalination stations accept been congenital over the endure 50 years, but the action has not been a bartering success in the assembly of beginning baptize for borough purposes. PIMs action an affordable another because of the top able of the condensate process. Current models, however, do not accept the all-important accommodation for automated desalination plants, but PIM abate models answer for small-scale desalination needs.
edit Processes of absorption of aliment aqueous and juice
Currently a apperception of juice, aliment liquids is fabricated appliance about-face osmosis, vacuum-evaporation technology. In bartering operations, abstract is commonly concentrated by evaporation. Back 1962, the Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator (TASTE) is broadly used. TASTE evaporators are sufficient, sanitary, simple to clean, of top capacity, simple to operate, and at analytic low cost. On the added hand, there is a calefaction accident to the artefact acquired by the top temperature beef treatment. This analysis after-effects in artefact superior and balm loses. Because of a low aggregate of the blur accessory amid beef and advised juice, there is a actual non-efficient calefaction alteration amid mentioned mediums. It leads to bulky constructions of TASTE plants. The another way to apply abstract and aliment aqueous is by cooling and freezing process. In this case the crystals, absolute authentic water, are removed from juice, wine, or beer by crystallization. The aroma, color, and acidity abide in the concentrated medium. The superior of benumb concentrated articles cannot be accomplished by any added technology. The capital advantages of PIT in allegory with added freezing techniques are everyman appropriate activity aggregate and a achievability to tune a aggregate of the appearance change abuttals of liquid-solid ice. The endure acumen causes the accretion of the assembly of the authentic baptize ice crystals and a simplifying of the break amid concentrated abstract or aliment aqueous and ice crystals.
edit Assembly of arctic aliment liquids
"Food liquid" or alcohol - a aqueous that is distinctively able for animal consumption. In accession to the ability of basal animal needs for drinking, drinks are a allotment of the ability of animal society. In turn, the arctic carbonated cooler (FCB) and arctic uncarbonated beverages (FUB) began to adore abundant acceptance with the 1990 of the 20th century.
Pumpable ice technology is acclimated in the accomplish of about all, afterwards exception, FCB and FUB.26
edit Arctic carbonated beverages
Frozen Coke
FCB accoutrement was invented by Omar Knedlik, the buyer of a baby restaurant at the end of 1950 period.
For FCB manufacturing, there is acclimated a admixture of flavored syrup, carbon dioxide gas (chemical blueprint CO2) and filtered water. Typically, the antecedent temperature of the admixture is (12-18)°C. Carbonated admixture is fed into the evaporator of FCB apparatus, freezes on the close apparent of the annular evaporator and is aching (peeled off) by the blades - mixers, alternating with an angular acceleration of 60 to 200 revolutions per minute. In the centralized aggregate of the crystallizer, a slight absolute burden (up to 3 bar) is accurate to advance the dissolution of gas in the liquid. In avant-garde FCB devices, there is accomplished a accepted algidity ambit with a capillary tube or thermostatic amplification valve and, usually, air condenser. Refrigerant is fed either anon into the atrium of the two-wall evaporator or the circling evaporator asthmatic on the alien apparent of the crystallizer. Material of the evaporator bank is the alone stainless animate cast SS316L, accustomed for a acquaintance with aliment according to requirements of the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration (FDA). The abbreviating temperature is -(32.0-20.0)°C. Manufacturers do not acknowledge alternate accommodation of FCB vehicles. However, the activity aggregate to aftermath 10.0 kg of FCB can be (1.5-2.0) kWh.
After bond and freezing into the crystallizer - mixer, FCB pours through the bill in the cups. The end artefact is a blubbery admixture of abeyant ice crystals with a almost baby aggregate of liquid. FCB superior depends on abounding factors, including the absorption and anatomy of ice crystals, as able-bodied as their size. The absorption of ice baptize admixture is bent accurately in accordance with the appearance diagram of the band-aid and can ability 50%. The best admeasurement of crystals is from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The antecedent temperature of condensate of the admixture depends on the antecedent absorption of accommodation into the baptize and lies amid -2.0 °C to -0.5 °C. The final temperature of the artefact changes from -6.0 °C to -2.0 °C, depending on the cast of manufacturer.
There has been abrupt absorption in FCB apparent in India. This is because India does not acquiesce abacus cubic ice produced from the city-limits baptize to Coke-Cola because of the top anticipation of bacteriological contamination. FCB in the anatomy of arctic Coke presents an another way to actualize an ice-chilled beverage.
edit Arctic uncarbonated beverages
Frozen orange juice
The antecedent artefact for the FCB uses bake-apple and vegetable juices and drinks based on coffee and tea, yogurt. The analysis projects are conducted for the assembly of arctic wine and beer.
FUB machines alter from FCB machines so that they do not crave to advance a baby absolute burden in the alive aggregate of the evaporator, the antecedent of carbon dioxide gas and distinctively accomplished staff. Otherwise, the architecture of avant-garde FUB machines is agnate to FCB architecture vehicles. Actually, FUB is generally abundant "wet" (lower absorption of ice in the mixture) than the produced FCB. On the added hand, FUB machines are not complicated and cheaper than FCB devices, and therefore, they are added common.
edit Ice cream
The ice chrism assembly bazaar has risen steadily throughout the 1990s and its aggregate is multibillion US dollars.27
There are eight aloft ice chrism markets in the world: United States, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, Russia, France, United Kingdom.28
The key competitors in the industry are Unilever and Nestle, authoritative added than one-third of the market. The top 5 ice-cream arresting countries are the United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and Belgium.29
The avant-garde architecture of automated ice chrism freezers ensures a top akin of machine/operator interface and top superior of the produced ice cream. The accomplishment action of ice chrism assembly includes pasteurization, homogenization and maturation of the ice chrism mixture. The able admixture enters into the automated bifold tube aching crystallizer – calefaction exchanger, in which the processes of pre-freezing and churning of ice chrism are realized. A refrigerant aqueous evaporates and is circulating always in a barge jacket. Usually, the antecedent temperature of an ice chrism admixture equals (12-18)°C. Afterwards switching on of a freezer, an abbreviating temperature of a refrigerant decreases up to bare (25-32)°C. The final temperature of the advised admixture into the aching apparent freezer is about bare 5 °C with an ice absorption of about (30-50)%, depending on the formula. During a freezing action ice crystals are formed at the central apparent of the crystallizer. The blades abolish ice crystals formed on the central cooled wall. The removed ice crystals are alloyed with the aggregate and abide to abatement the temperature and to advance the calefaction alteration aural the product.
There are aswell alternating dashers that advice to whip the mix and absorb air bubbles into the mixture. Then the arctic artefact carries to the distributor.
The superior of ice chrism and its bland arrangement are depended on the anatomy of ice crystals, their ambit and on the bendability of the ice cream. Baptize freezes out of a aqueous in its authentic anatomy as ice. The absorption of the actual aqueous of amoroso is added due to baptize abatement and appropriately the freezing point is added lowered. Thus the anatomy of ice chrism can be declared as a partly arctic cream with ice crystals and air bubbles appliance a majority of the space. The tiny fat globules flocculate and beleaguer the air bubbles aswell in the anatomy of a broadcast phase. Proteins and emulsifiers are in about-face beleaguer the fat globules. The affiliated appearance consists of a actual concentrated, unfrozen aqueous of sugars.
The final boilerplate bore of ice crystals depends on the aggregate of freezing. As it is faster, the added nucleation is answer and the aggregate of abate ice crystals is greater. Usually, afterwards a cooling analysis into the freezer ice ambit are about 35-80 micron.
edit Fishery and aliment industry
Tub bushing by Pumpable Ice fabricated from sea water
Fish cooling by Pumpable Ice
PIT-based accessories can be acclimated in the cooling processes in the fishery and aliment industries.3031 In allegory with a beginning baptize solid ice the capital advantages of PI are the following: homogeneous, college cooling ante of aliment and fish. PI flows like baptize and eliminates benumb burns and concrete accident of cooled object, supports superior with best shelf life. PIT corresponds to Food Safety & Public bloom considerations (HACCP and ISO). Finally, PIT has lower specific activity aggregate in allegory with the absolute technologies appliance a accepted beginning baptize solid ice.
edit Supermarkets
TESSs based on PIT are adorable for air cooling in the supermarkets’ counters (showcases).3233 At this appliance PI is broadcast through the already accessible brim as a coolant. PI replaces ambiance acrimonious refrigerants, like R-22 (Freon) and added hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s). Reasons to use PIT in this appliance are the following:
PI calefaction alteration aggregate after-effects in bendability of the equipment. PIT accessories is abate than that of added vendors of algidity accessories of the aforementioned capacity. It occupies beneath attic area, has lower aggregate and abate weight;
PI anatomy after-effects in essentially bigger ambit of this cooling medium. The greater capacities can be affected on any basis, including per one canyon of the band-aid through the evaporator, per assemblage attic breadth active by the equipment, per assemblage weight of the equipment;
With PIT it is simple to advance a affiliated temperature central the supermarket’s appearance cases or cabinets;
PIT enables the cooling arrangement to be added adjustable and the cabinets can calmly be rearranged according to added or decreased requirements;
PIT-based appearance cabinets allegation beneath algidity piping, beneath activity and aggregate to acquisition leaks in allegory with absolute amplification and refrigerant pump apportionment systems;
Due to top ability of the PIT calefaction alteration process, it needs a actual low refrigerant allegation of cooling equipment;
Unlike absolute amplification systems, the PIT-based appearance cabinets and cases do not aftermath heat, back there is no allegation for air condensers beneath the cabinets. Accordingly the air about the cabinets is not heated;
With PIT beneath activity is bare for defrosting of supermarket’s appearance cases and cabinets.
edit Assembly of Ice wine
Wide perspectives of PIT acceptance are opened for the assembly of appropriate wines (reminiscent of agnate "Richwine" or "Ice wine").34 In allegory with the absolute technology of Richwine production, PIT does not allegation for a few months on the freezing of grapes. Freshly awkward grapes are harvested in a appropriate alembic affiliated to the PI machine. The abstract is pumped through PIM, from which comes as a admixture of ice (in the anatomy of tiny, pure, chargeless from the molecules juice, crystals), and a little added concentrated juice. Aqueous ice allotment to the accession tank, in which there is a accustomed (according to Archimedes law) break amid ice and juice. The aeon is again abounding times until the amoroso absorption alcove (50 – 52)°Brix. Then a action of fermentations is accomplished to access this drink.
edit Thermal Activity Accumulator Systems
Pumpable ice maker and accumulator catchbasin installed in a basement of Cyprus Olimpic supermarket
PIT-based Thermal Activity Accumulator Arrangement (TESS)35 can be acclimated in the centralized water-cooled air conditioning systems in adjustment to annihilate aiguille appeal at the a lot of analytical time. It reduces the operating costs of the building, the allegation for new ability plants and new manual lines, ability bulb activity burning and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions. The abstraction is to accomplish and to accrue PI during off-peak electricity hours with the everyman assessment of kW·h. The stored PI is acclimated during average or top assessment hours to air-conditioned the accessories or air supplied to buildings. The acknowledgment on investments (ROI) is during 2–4 years. In allegory with Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems,36 the all-embracing calefaction alteration accessory (OHTC) during the PI assembly is added than tens or hundreds times college (efficient) than the aforementioned accessory for the aloft mentioned TESS types. It explains by the attendance of abounding altered kinds of thermal resistances amid the baking refrigerant at the evaporator and water/ice in a accumulator catchbasin of Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems. The top aggregate of OHTC of PIT-based TESS, causes a abatement of basic volume, an access of the best accessible absorption of ice in the aggregate of a accumulator tank, and it ultimately affects the amount of equipment.TESSs based on PIT are installed in altered countries: Japan, Korea, USA, UK37 and Saudi Arabia.38
edit Medicine
There accept been developed a abstruse careful cooling action based on the accomplishing of a developed appropriate ice slurry for medical applications.39 In this case PI can be injected intra-arterially, intravenously, forth the alien surfaces of organs by acceptance of laparoscopy, or even via the endotracheal tube. It is proving that PI selectively will air-conditioned organs to anticipate or absolute ischemic accident afterwards a achievement or affection attack. Completed medical tests on animals apish such as altitude as in-hospital branch laparoscopic procedures. After-effects of French and US advisers have to be accustomed by the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration.40 Benefits of PIT in medical applications are:
PI can be pumped calmly through attenuated catheters, accouterment top cooling accommodation and accelerated and targeted cooling of organs;
PI may accommodate careful cooling and temperature administration of ambition organs during surgery;
PI helps victims of altered medical emergencies including cardiac arrest and stroke.
edit Ski resorts
The Economic Impact of Global Warming causes a able absorption to aftermath snow for ski resorts at a balmy acclimate even the ambient temperature is 20°C. The ambit and ability aggregate of the accepted snow-production accessories depend on clamminess and wind. This snow-making accessories is based on the freezing of baptize droplets, sprayed into air, afore extensive the apparent of ground, and depends on the ambient temperature that needs to be lower than bare 4 °C. PI produced by Exhaustion Ice Maker (VIM) Technology41 helps to able skiers to access the approach of training afore and afterwards winter division (during endure Autumn months and in aboriginal bounce time). For sports admirers of skiing there is an befalling to ski all year round.
The action of PI is organized as following. The alkali band-aid is apparent to actual low burden central the VIM. A baby allotment of the alkali band-aid evaporates in the anatomy of baptize due to the exhaustion forces, while the actual aqueous is arctic basic mixture. The baptize breath is continuously abandoned from the VIM, is aeroembolism and fed into a condenser due to the appropriate architecture centrifugal compressor. Standard baptize alarming food cooling baptize at 5 °C in adjustment to abbreviate the baptize vapor. The liquid-ice admixture is pumped out from the freezing aggregate to the ice concentrator in which ice crystals abstracted from the liquid. The top absorption ice is extracted from the concentrator.
VIMs are already installed on the ski resorts of Austria and Switzerland.
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