Many analysis centers, ice maker producers, inventors activate advance in PIT.2324 Due to the top activity efficiency, bargain size, low refrigerant charge, and to the actuality that PIT is adjustable to acclimate it to altered automated articulation requirements, there are abounding applications of this technology.
edit Wastewater treatment
PIT can be recommended for charwoman (lightening) of sediments of wastewaters. In this case, there is acclimated a adjustment including freezing and melting.25 It is based on two processes: able freezing of sediments, the afterward melting and break of aqueous and solid phases. "Freezing and melting" leads to the aberration of physical-chemical anatomy of sediments. This adjustment is accomplished attributable to redistribution of any anatomy of the affiliation of damp with solid particles of the sediment. It is bigger than actinic reagent coagulation. The sediment's freezing promotes the accretion of chargeless baptize abundance into sediments and improves an ability of debris precipitating. The a lot of of the damp is able to apportionment for any conditions. Therefore, if the acceleration of clear growing does not beat 0.02 m/h, for damp there is time to drift from colloid beef to the clear surface, and there it is frozen. Afterwards thawing, low arctic sediments acknowledgment to the baptize well.
edit Desalination of seawater
Further information: Desalination
The absolute commercialized desalination methods are multi-stage beam evaporation, vapor-compression, multi aftereffect evaporation, about-face assimilation and electrodialysis. Theoretically, freezing has some advantages over a lot of aloft mentioned methods. These advantages cover a lower abstract activity requirement, basal abeyant for corrosion, and little ascent or precipitating. The disadvantage is that it involves a administration of ice and baptize mixtures that are mechanically complicated to move and process. A baby aggregate of desalination stations accept been congenital over the endure 50 years, but the action has not been a bartering success in the assembly of beginning baptize for borough purposes. PIMs action an affordable another because of the top able of the condensate process. Current models, however, do not accept the all-important accommodation for automated desalination plants, but PIM abate models answer for small-scale desalination needs.
edit Processes of absorption of aliment aqueous and juice
Currently a apperception of juice, aliment liquids is fabricated appliance about-face osmosis, vacuum-evaporation technology. In bartering operations, abstract is commonly concentrated by evaporation. Back 1962, the Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator (TASTE) is broadly used. TASTE evaporators are sufficient, sanitary, simple to clean, of top capacity, simple to operate, and at analytic low cost. On the added hand, there is a calefaction accident to the artefact acquired by the top temperature beef treatment. This analysis after-effects in artefact superior and balm loses. Because of a low aggregate of the blur accessory amid beef and advised juice, there is a actual non-efficient calefaction alteration amid mentioned mediums. It leads to bulky constructions of TASTE plants. The another way to apply abstract and aliment aqueous is by cooling and freezing process. In this case the crystals, absolute authentic water, are removed from juice, wine, or beer by crystallization. The aroma, color, and acidity abide in the concentrated medium. The superior of benumb concentrated articles cannot be accomplished by any added technology. The capital advantages of PIT in allegory with added freezing techniques are everyman appropriate activity aggregate and a achievability to tune a aggregate of the appearance change abuttals of liquid-solid ice. The endure acumen causes the accretion of the assembly of the authentic baptize ice crystals and a simplifying of the break amid concentrated abstract or aliment aqueous and ice crystals.
edit Assembly of arctic aliment liquids
"Food liquid" or alcohol - a aqueous that is distinctively able for animal consumption. In accession to the ability of basal animal needs for drinking, drinks are a allotment of the ability of animal society. In turn, the arctic carbonated cooler (FCB) and arctic uncarbonated beverages (FUB) began to adore abundant acceptance with the 1990 of the 20th century.
Pumpable ice technology is acclimated in the accomplish of about all, afterwards exception, FCB and FUB.26
edit Arctic carbonated beverages
Frozen Coke
FCB accoutrement was invented by Omar Knedlik, the buyer of a baby restaurant at the end of 1950 period.
For FCB manufacturing, there is acclimated a admixture of flavored syrup, carbon dioxide gas (chemical blueprint CO2) and filtered water. Typically, the antecedent temperature of the admixture is (12-18)°C. Carbonated admixture is fed into the evaporator of FCB apparatus, freezes on the close apparent of the annular evaporator and is aching (peeled off) by the blades - mixers, alternating with an angular acceleration of 60 to 200 revolutions per minute. In the centralized aggregate of the crystallizer, a slight absolute burden (up to 3 bar) is accurate to advance the dissolution of gas in the liquid. In avant-garde FCB devices, there is accomplished a accepted algidity ambit with a capillary tube or thermostatic amplification valve and, usually, air condenser. Refrigerant is fed either anon into the atrium of the two-wall evaporator or the circling evaporator asthmatic on the alien apparent of the crystallizer. Material of the evaporator bank is the alone stainless animate cast SS316L, accustomed for a acquaintance with aliment according to requirements of the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration (FDA). The abbreviating temperature is -(32.0-20.0)°C. Manufacturers do not acknowledge alternate accommodation of FCB vehicles. However, the activity aggregate to aftermath 10.0 kg of FCB can be (1.5-2.0) kWh.
After bond and freezing into the crystallizer - mixer, FCB pours through the bill in the cups. The end artefact is a blubbery admixture of abeyant ice crystals with a almost baby aggregate of liquid. FCB superior depends on abounding factors, including the absorption and anatomy of ice crystals, as able-bodied as their size. The absorption of ice baptize admixture is bent accurately in accordance with the appearance diagram of the band-aid and can ability 50%. The best admeasurement of crystals is from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The antecedent temperature of condensate of the admixture depends on the antecedent absorption of accommodation into the baptize and lies amid -2.0 °C to -0.5 °C. The final temperature of the artefact changes from -6.0 °C to -2.0 °C, depending on the cast of manufacturer.
There has been abrupt absorption in FCB apparent in India. This is because India does not acquiesce abacus cubic ice produced from the city-limits baptize to Coke-Cola because of the top anticipation of bacteriological contamination. FCB in the anatomy of arctic Coke presents an another way to actualize an ice-chilled beverage.
edit Arctic uncarbonated beverages
Frozen orange juice
The antecedent artefact for the FCB uses bake-apple and vegetable juices and drinks based on coffee and tea, yogurt. The analysis projects are conducted for the assembly of arctic wine and beer.
FUB machines alter from FCB machines so that they do not crave to advance a baby absolute burden in the alive aggregate of the evaporator, the antecedent of carbon dioxide gas and distinctively accomplished staff. Otherwise, the architecture of avant-garde FUB machines is agnate to FCB architecture vehicles. Actually, FUB is generally abundant "wet" (lower absorption of ice in the mixture) than the produced FCB. On the added hand, FUB machines are not complicated and cheaper than FCB devices, and therefore, they are added common.
edit Ice cream
The ice chrism assembly bazaar has risen steadily throughout the 1990s and its aggregate is multibillion US dollars.27
There are eight aloft ice chrism markets in the world: United States, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, Russia, France, United Kingdom.28
The key competitors in the industry are Unilever and Nestle, authoritative added than one-third of the market. The top 5 ice-cream arresting countries are the United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and Belgium.29
The avant-garde architecture of automated ice chrism freezers ensures a top akin of machine/operator interface and top superior of the produced ice cream. The accomplishment action of ice chrism assembly includes pasteurization, homogenization and maturation of the ice chrism mixture. The able admixture enters into the automated bifold tube aching crystallizer – calefaction exchanger, in which the processes of pre-freezing and churning of ice chrism are realized. A refrigerant aqueous evaporates and is circulating always in a barge jacket. Usually, the antecedent temperature of an ice chrism admixture equals (12-18)°C. Afterwards switching on of a freezer, an abbreviating temperature of a refrigerant decreases up to bare (25-32)°C. The final temperature of the advised admixture into the aching apparent freezer is about bare 5 °C with an ice absorption of about (30-50)%, depending on the formula. During a freezing action ice crystals are formed at the central apparent of the crystallizer. The blades abolish ice crystals formed on the central cooled wall. The removed ice crystals are alloyed with the aggregate and abide to abatement the temperature and to advance the calefaction alteration aural the product.
There are aswell alternating dashers that advice to whip the mix and absorb air bubbles into the mixture. Then the arctic artefact carries to the distributor.
The superior of ice chrism and its bland arrangement are depended on the anatomy of ice crystals, their ambit and on the bendability of the ice cream. Baptize freezes out of a aqueous in its authentic anatomy as ice. The absorption of the actual aqueous of amoroso is added due to baptize abatement and appropriately the freezing point is added lowered. Thus the anatomy of ice chrism can be declared as a partly arctic cream with ice crystals and air bubbles appliance a majority of the space. The tiny fat globules flocculate and beleaguer the air bubbles aswell in the anatomy of a broadcast phase. Proteins and emulsifiers are in about-face beleaguer the fat globules. The affiliated appearance consists of a actual concentrated, unfrozen aqueous of sugars.
The final boilerplate bore of ice crystals depends on the aggregate of freezing. As it is faster, the added nucleation is answer and the aggregate of abate ice crystals is greater. Usually, afterwards a cooling analysis into the freezer ice ambit are about 35-80 micron.
edit Fishery and aliment industry
Tub bushing by Pumpable Ice fabricated from sea water
Fish cooling by Pumpable Ice
PIT-based accessories can be acclimated in the cooling processes in the fishery and aliment industries.3031 In allegory with a beginning baptize solid ice the capital advantages of PI are the following: homogeneous, college cooling ante of aliment and fish. PI flows like baptize and eliminates benumb burns and concrete accident of cooled object, supports superior with best shelf life. PIT corresponds to Food Safety & Public bloom considerations (HACCP and ISO). Finally, PIT has lower specific activity aggregate in allegory with the absolute technologies appliance a accepted beginning baptize solid ice.
edit Supermarkets
TESSs based on PIT are adorable for air cooling in the supermarkets’ counters (showcases).3233 At this appliance PI is broadcast through the already accessible brim as a coolant. PI replaces ambiance acrimonious refrigerants, like R-22 (Freon) and added hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s). Reasons to use PIT in this appliance are the following:
PI calefaction alteration aggregate after-effects in bendability of the equipment. PIT accessories is abate than that of added vendors of algidity accessories of the aforementioned capacity. It occupies beneath attic area, has lower aggregate and abate weight;
PI anatomy after-effects in essentially bigger ambit of this cooling medium. The greater capacities can be affected on any basis, including per one canyon of the band-aid through the evaporator, per assemblage attic breadth active by the equipment, per assemblage weight of the equipment;
With PIT it is simple to advance a affiliated temperature central the supermarket’s appearance cases or cabinets;
PIT enables the cooling arrangement to be added adjustable and the cabinets can calmly be rearranged according to added or decreased requirements;
PIT-based appearance cabinets allegation beneath algidity piping, beneath activity and aggregate to acquisition leaks in allegory with absolute amplification and refrigerant pump apportionment systems;
Due to top ability of the PIT calefaction alteration process, it needs a actual low refrigerant allegation of cooling equipment;
Unlike absolute amplification systems, the PIT-based appearance cabinets and cases do not aftermath heat, back there is no allegation for air condensers beneath the cabinets. Accordingly the air about the cabinets is not heated;
With PIT beneath activity is bare for defrosting of supermarket’s appearance cases and cabinets.
edit Assembly of Ice wine
Wide perspectives of PIT acceptance are opened for the assembly of appropriate wines (reminiscent of agnate "Richwine" or "Ice wine").34 In allegory with the absolute technology of Richwine production, PIT does not allegation for a few months on the freezing of grapes. Freshly awkward grapes are harvested in a appropriate alembic affiliated to the PI machine. The abstract is pumped through PIM, from which comes as a admixture of ice (in the anatomy of tiny, pure, chargeless from the molecules juice, crystals), and a little added concentrated juice. Aqueous ice allotment to the accession tank, in which there is a accustomed (according to Archimedes law) break amid ice and juice. The aeon is again abounding times until the amoroso absorption alcove (50 – 52)°Brix. Then a action of fermentations is accomplished to access this drink.
edit Thermal Activity Accumulator Systems
Pumpable ice maker and accumulator catchbasin installed in a basement of Cyprus Olimpic supermarket
PIT-based Thermal Activity Accumulator Arrangement (TESS)35 can be acclimated in the centralized water-cooled air conditioning systems in adjustment to annihilate aiguille appeal at the a lot of analytical time. It reduces the operating costs of the building, the allegation for new ability plants and new manual lines, ability bulb activity burning and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions. The abstraction is to accomplish and to accrue PI during off-peak electricity hours with the everyman assessment of kW·h. The stored PI is acclimated during average or top assessment hours to air-conditioned the accessories or air supplied to buildings. The acknowledgment on investments (ROI) is during 2–4 years. In allegory with Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems,36 the all-embracing calefaction alteration accessory (OHTC) during the PI assembly is added than tens or hundreds times college (efficient) than the aforementioned accessory for the aloft mentioned TESS types. It explains by the attendance of abounding altered kinds of thermal resistances amid the baking refrigerant at the evaporator and water/ice in a accumulator catchbasin of Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems. The top aggregate of OHTC of PIT-based TESS, causes a abatement of basic volume, an access of the best accessible absorption of ice in the aggregate of a accumulator tank, and it ultimately affects the amount of equipment.TESSs based on PIT are installed in altered countries: Japan, Korea, USA, UK37 and Saudi Arabia.38
edit Medicine
There accept been developed a abstruse careful cooling action based on the accomplishing of a developed appropriate ice slurry for medical applications.39 In this case PI can be injected intra-arterially, intravenously, forth the alien surfaces of organs by acceptance of laparoscopy, or even via the endotracheal tube. It is proving that PI selectively will air-conditioned organs to anticipate or absolute ischemic accident afterwards a achievement or affection attack. Completed medical tests on animals apish such as altitude as in-hospital branch laparoscopic procedures. After-effects of French and US advisers have to be accustomed by the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration.40 Benefits of PIT in medical applications are:
PI can be pumped calmly through attenuated catheters, accouterment top cooling accommodation and accelerated and targeted cooling of organs;
PI may accommodate careful cooling and temperature administration of ambition organs during surgery;
PI helps victims of altered medical emergencies including cardiac arrest and stroke.
edit Ski resorts
The Economic Impact of Global Warming causes a able absorption to aftermath snow for ski resorts at a balmy acclimate even the ambient temperature is 20°C. The ambit and ability aggregate of the accepted snow-production accessories depend on clamminess and wind. This snow-making accessories is based on the freezing of baptize droplets, sprayed into air, afore extensive the apparent of ground, and depends on the ambient temperature that needs to be lower than bare 4 °C. PI produced by Exhaustion Ice Maker (VIM) Technology41 helps to able skiers to access the approach of training afore and afterwards winter division (during endure Autumn months and in aboriginal bounce time). For sports admirers of skiing there is an befalling to ski all year round.
The action of PI is organized as following. The alkali band-aid is apparent to actual low burden central the VIM. A baby allotment of the alkali band-aid evaporates in the anatomy of baptize due to the exhaustion forces, while the actual aqueous is arctic basic mixture. The baptize breath is continuously abandoned from the VIM, is aeroembolism and fed into a condenser due to the appropriate architecture centrifugal compressor. Standard baptize alarming food cooling baptize at 5 °C in adjustment to abbreviate the baptize vapor. The liquid-ice admixture is pumped out from the freezing aggregate to the ice concentrator in which ice crystals abstracted from the liquid. The top absorption ice is extracted from the concentrator.
VIMs are already installed on the ski resorts of Austria and Switzerland.
edit Wastewater treatment
PIT can be recommended for charwoman (lightening) of sediments of wastewaters. In this case, there is acclimated a adjustment including freezing and melting.25 It is based on two processes: able freezing of sediments, the afterward melting and break of aqueous and solid phases. "Freezing and melting" leads to the aberration of physical-chemical anatomy of sediments. This adjustment is accomplished attributable to redistribution of any anatomy of the affiliation of damp with solid particles of the sediment. It is bigger than actinic reagent coagulation. The sediment's freezing promotes the accretion of chargeless baptize abundance into sediments and improves an ability of debris precipitating. The a lot of of the damp is able to apportionment for any conditions. Therefore, if the acceleration of clear growing does not beat 0.02 m/h, for damp there is time to drift from colloid beef to the clear surface, and there it is frozen. Afterwards thawing, low arctic sediments acknowledgment to the baptize well.
edit Desalination of seawater
Further information: Desalination
The absolute commercialized desalination methods are multi-stage beam evaporation, vapor-compression, multi aftereffect evaporation, about-face assimilation and electrodialysis. Theoretically, freezing has some advantages over a lot of aloft mentioned methods. These advantages cover a lower abstract activity requirement, basal abeyant for corrosion, and little ascent or precipitating. The disadvantage is that it involves a administration of ice and baptize mixtures that are mechanically complicated to move and process. A baby aggregate of desalination stations accept been congenital over the endure 50 years, but the action has not been a bartering success in the assembly of beginning baptize for borough purposes. PIMs action an affordable another because of the top able of the condensate process. Current models, however, do not accept the all-important accommodation for automated desalination plants, but PIM abate models answer for small-scale desalination needs.
edit Processes of absorption of aliment aqueous and juice
Currently a apperception of juice, aliment liquids is fabricated appliance about-face osmosis, vacuum-evaporation technology. In bartering operations, abstract is commonly concentrated by evaporation. Back 1962, the Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator (TASTE) is broadly used. TASTE evaporators are sufficient, sanitary, simple to clean, of top capacity, simple to operate, and at analytic low cost. On the added hand, there is a calefaction accident to the artefact acquired by the top temperature beef treatment. This analysis after-effects in artefact superior and balm loses. Because of a low aggregate of the blur accessory amid beef and advised juice, there is a actual non-efficient calefaction alteration amid mentioned mediums. It leads to bulky constructions of TASTE plants. The another way to apply abstract and aliment aqueous is by cooling and freezing process. In this case the crystals, absolute authentic water, are removed from juice, wine, or beer by crystallization. The aroma, color, and acidity abide in the concentrated medium. The superior of benumb concentrated articles cannot be accomplished by any added technology. The capital advantages of PIT in allegory with added freezing techniques are everyman appropriate activity aggregate and a achievability to tune a aggregate of the appearance change abuttals of liquid-solid ice. The endure acumen causes the accretion of the assembly of the authentic baptize ice crystals and a simplifying of the break amid concentrated abstract or aliment aqueous and ice crystals.
edit Assembly of arctic aliment liquids
"Food liquid" or alcohol - a aqueous that is distinctively able for animal consumption. In accession to the ability of basal animal needs for drinking, drinks are a allotment of the ability of animal society. In turn, the arctic carbonated cooler (FCB) and arctic uncarbonated beverages (FUB) began to adore abundant acceptance with the 1990 of the 20th century.
Pumpable ice technology is acclimated in the accomplish of about all, afterwards exception, FCB and FUB.26
edit Arctic carbonated beverages
Frozen Coke
FCB accoutrement was invented by Omar Knedlik, the buyer of a baby restaurant at the end of 1950 period.
For FCB manufacturing, there is acclimated a admixture of flavored syrup, carbon dioxide gas (chemical blueprint CO2) and filtered water. Typically, the antecedent temperature of the admixture is (12-18)°C. Carbonated admixture is fed into the evaporator of FCB apparatus, freezes on the close apparent of the annular evaporator and is aching (peeled off) by the blades - mixers, alternating with an angular acceleration of 60 to 200 revolutions per minute. In the centralized aggregate of the crystallizer, a slight absolute burden (up to 3 bar) is accurate to advance the dissolution of gas in the liquid. In avant-garde FCB devices, there is accomplished a accepted algidity ambit with a capillary tube or thermostatic amplification valve and, usually, air condenser. Refrigerant is fed either anon into the atrium of the two-wall evaporator or the circling evaporator asthmatic on the alien apparent of the crystallizer. Material of the evaporator bank is the alone stainless animate cast SS316L, accustomed for a acquaintance with aliment according to requirements of the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration (FDA). The abbreviating temperature is -(32.0-20.0)°C. Manufacturers do not acknowledge alternate accommodation of FCB vehicles. However, the activity aggregate to aftermath 10.0 kg of FCB can be (1.5-2.0) kWh.
After bond and freezing into the crystallizer - mixer, FCB pours through the bill in the cups. The end artefact is a blubbery admixture of abeyant ice crystals with a almost baby aggregate of liquid. FCB superior depends on abounding factors, including the absorption and anatomy of ice crystals, as able-bodied as their size. The absorption of ice baptize admixture is bent accurately in accordance with the appearance diagram of the band-aid and can ability 50%. The best admeasurement of crystals is from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The antecedent temperature of condensate of the admixture depends on the antecedent absorption of accommodation into the baptize and lies amid -2.0 °C to -0.5 °C. The final temperature of the artefact changes from -6.0 °C to -2.0 °C, depending on the cast of manufacturer.
There has been abrupt absorption in FCB apparent in India. This is because India does not acquiesce abacus cubic ice produced from the city-limits baptize to Coke-Cola because of the top anticipation of bacteriological contamination. FCB in the anatomy of arctic Coke presents an another way to actualize an ice-chilled beverage.
edit Arctic uncarbonated beverages
Frozen orange juice
The antecedent artefact for the FCB uses bake-apple and vegetable juices and drinks based on coffee and tea, yogurt. The analysis projects are conducted for the assembly of arctic wine and beer.
FUB machines alter from FCB machines so that they do not crave to advance a baby absolute burden in the alive aggregate of the evaporator, the antecedent of carbon dioxide gas and distinctively accomplished staff. Otherwise, the architecture of avant-garde FUB machines is agnate to FCB architecture vehicles. Actually, FUB is generally abundant "wet" (lower absorption of ice in the mixture) than the produced FCB. On the added hand, FUB machines are not complicated and cheaper than FCB devices, and therefore, they are added common.
edit Ice cream
The ice chrism assembly bazaar has risen steadily throughout the 1990s and its aggregate is multibillion US dollars.27
There are eight aloft ice chrism markets in the world: United States, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, Russia, France, United Kingdom.28
The key competitors in the industry are Unilever and Nestle, authoritative added than one-third of the market. The top 5 ice-cream arresting countries are the United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and Belgium.29
The avant-garde architecture of automated ice chrism freezers ensures a top akin of machine/operator interface and top superior of the produced ice cream. The accomplishment action of ice chrism assembly includes pasteurization, homogenization and maturation of the ice chrism mixture. The able admixture enters into the automated bifold tube aching crystallizer – calefaction exchanger, in which the processes of pre-freezing and churning of ice chrism are realized. A refrigerant aqueous evaporates and is circulating always in a barge jacket. Usually, the antecedent temperature of an ice chrism admixture equals (12-18)°C. Afterwards switching on of a freezer, an abbreviating temperature of a refrigerant decreases up to bare (25-32)°C. The final temperature of the advised admixture into the aching apparent freezer is about bare 5 °C with an ice absorption of about (30-50)%, depending on the formula. During a freezing action ice crystals are formed at the central apparent of the crystallizer. The blades abolish ice crystals formed on the central cooled wall. The removed ice crystals are alloyed with the aggregate and abide to abatement the temperature and to advance the calefaction alteration aural the product.
There are aswell alternating dashers that advice to whip the mix and absorb air bubbles into the mixture. Then the arctic artefact carries to the distributor.
The superior of ice chrism and its bland arrangement are depended on the anatomy of ice crystals, their ambit and on the bendability of the ice cream. Baptize freezes out of a aqueous in its authentic anatomy as ice. The absorption of the actual aqueous of amoroso is added due to baptize abatement and appropriately the freezing point is added lowered. Thus the anatomy of ice chrism can be declared as a partly arctic cream with ice crystals and air bubbles appliance a majority of the space. The tiny fat globules flocculate and beleaguer the air bubbles aswell in the anatomy of a broadcast phase. Proteins and emulsifiers are in about-face beleaguer the fat globules. The affiliated appearance consists of a actual concentrated, unfrozen aqueous of sugars.
The final boilerplate bore of ice crystals depends on the aggregate of freezing. As it is faster, the added nucleation is answer and the aggregate of abate ice crystals is greater. Usually, afterwards a cooling analysis into the freezer ice ambit are about 35-80 micron.
edit Fishery and aliment industry
Tub bushing by Pumpable Ice fabricated from sea water
Fish cooling by Pumpable Ice
PIT-based accessories can be acclimated in the cooling processes in the fishery and aliment industries.3031 In allegory with a beginning baptize solid ice the capital advantages of PI are the following: homogeneous, college cooling ante of aliment and fish. PI flows like baptize and eliminates benumb burns and concrete accident of cooled object, supports superior with best shelf life. PIT corresponds to Food Safety & Public bloom considerations (HACCP and ISO). Finally, PIT has lower specific activity aggregate in allegory with the absolute technologies appliance a accepted beginning baptize solid ice.
edit Supermarkets
TESSs based on PIT are adorable for air cooling in the supermarkets’ counters (showcases).3233 At this appliance PI is broadcast through the already accessible brim as a coolant. PI replaces ambiance acrimonious refrigerants, like R-22 (Freon) and added hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s). Reasons to use PIT in this appliance are the following:
PI calefaction alteration aggregate after-effects in bendability of the equipment. PIT accessories is abate than that of added vendors of algidity accessories of the aforementioned capacity. It occupies beneath attic area, has lower aggregate and abate weight;
PI anatomy after-effects in essentially bigger ambit of this cooling medium. The greater capacities can be affected on any basis, including per one canyon of the band-aid through the evaporator, per assemblage attic breadth active by the equipment, per assemblage weight of the equipment;
With PIT it is simple to advance a affiliated temperature central the supermarket’s appearance cases or cabinets;
PIT enables the cooling arrangement to be added adjustable and the cabinets can calmly be rearranged according to added or decreased requirements;
PIT-based appearance cabinets allegation beneath algidity piping, beneath activity and aggregate to acquisition leaks in allegory with absolute amplification and refrigerant pump apportionment systems;
Due to top ability of the PIT calefaction alteration process, it needs a actual low refrigerant allegation of cooling equipment;
Unlike absolute amplification systems, the PIT-based appearance cabinets and cases do not aftermath heat, back there is no allegation for air condensers beneath the cabinets. Accordingly the air about the cabinets is not heated;
With PIT beneath activity is bare for defrosting of supermarket’s appearance cases and cabinets.
edit Assembly of Ice wine
Wide perspectives of PIT acceptance are opened for the assembly of appropriate wines (reminiscent of agnate "Richwine" or "Ice wine").34 In allegory with the absolute technology of Richwine production, PIT does not allegation for a few months on the freezing of grapes. Freshly awkward grapes are harvested in a appropriate alembic affiliated to the PI machine. The abstract is pumped through PIM, from which comes as a admixture of ice (in the anatomy of tiny, pure, chargeless from the molecules juice, crystals), and a little added concentrated juice. Aqueous ice allotment to the accession tank, in which there is a accustomed (according to Archimedes law) break amid ice and juice. The aeon is again abounding times until the amoroso absorption alcove (50 – 52)°Brix. Then a action of fermentations is accomplished to access this drink.
edit Thermal Activity Accumulator Systems
Pumpable ice maker and accumulator catchbasin installed in a basement of Cyprus Olimpic supermarket
PIT-based Thermal Activity Accumulator Arrangement (TESS)35 can be acclimated in the centralized water-cooled air conditioning systems in adjustment to annihilate aiguille appeal at the a lot of analytical time. It reduces the operating costs of the building, the allegation for new ability plants and new manual lines, ability bulb activity burning and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions. The abstraction is to accomplish and to accrue PI during off-peak electricity hours with the everyman assessment of kW·h. The stored PI is acclimated during average or top assessment hours to air-conditioned the accessories or air supplied to buildings. The acknowledgment on investments (ROI) is during 2–4 years. In allegory with Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems,36 the all-embracing calefaction alteration accessory (OHTC) during the PI assembly is added than tens or hundreds times college (efficient) than the aforementioned accessory for the aloft mentioned TESS types. It explains by the attendance of abounding altered kinds of thermal resistances amid the baking refrigerant at the evaporator and water/ice in a accumulator catchbasin of Static and Dynamic ice accumulator systems. The top aggregate of OHTC of PIT-based TESS, causes a abatement of basic volume, an access of the best accessible absorption of ice in the aggregate of a accumulator tank, and it ultimately affects the amount of equipment.TESSs based on PIT are installed in altered countries: Japan, Korea, USA, UK37 and Saudi Arabia.38
edit Medicine
There accept been developed a abstruse careful cooling action based on the accomplishing of a developed appropriate ice slurry for medical applications.39 In this case PI can be injected intra-arterially, intravenously, forth the alien surfaces of organs by acceptance of laparoscopy, or even via the endotracheal tube. It is proving that PI selectively will air-conditioned organs to anticipate or absolute ischemic accident afterwards a achievement or affection attack. Completed medical tests on animals apish such as altitude as in-hospital branch laparoscopic procedures. After-effects of French and US advisers have to be accustomed by the U.S. Aliment and Drug Administration.40 Benefits of PIT in medical applications are:
PI can be pumped calmly through attenuated catheters, accouterment top cooling accommodation and accelerated and targeted cooling of organs;
PI may accommodate careful cooling and temperature administration of ambition organs during surgery;
PI helps victims of altered medical emergencies including cardiac arrest and stroke.
edit Ski resorts
The Economic Impact of Global Warming causes a able absorption to aftermath snow for ski resorts at a balmy acclimate even the ambient temperature is 20°C. The ambit and ability aggregate of the accepted snow-production accessories depend on clamminess and wind. This snow-making accessories is based on the freezing of baptize droplets, sprayed into air, afore extensive the apparent of ground, and depends on the ambient temperature that needs to be lower than bare 4 °C. PI produced by Exhaustion Ice Maker (VIM) Technology41 helps to able skiers to access the approach of training afore and afterwards winter division (during endure Autumn months and in aboriginal bounce time). For sports admirers of skiing there is an befalling to ski all year round.
The action of PI is organized as following. The alkali band-aid is apparent to actual low burden central the VIM. A baby allotment of the alkali band-aid evaporates in the anatomy of baptize due to the exhaustion forces, while the actual aqueous is arctic basic mixture. The baptize breath is continuously abandoned from the VIM, is aeroembolism and fed into a condenser due to the appropriate architecture centrifugal compressor. Standard baptize alarming food cooling baptize at 5 °C in adjustment to abbreviate the baptize vapor. The liquid-ice admixture is pumped out from the freezing aggregate to the ice concentrator in which ice crystals abstracted from the liquid. The top absorption ice is extracted from the concentrator.
VIMs are already installed on the ski resorts of Austria and Switzerland.
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